Sunday, May 29, 2016

Arbitrage dan Arbitraj by Chok Cui Sin and Goh Chin Yue

Arbitrage dan Arbitraj
by Chok Cui Sin and Goh Chin Yue



In economics and finance, arbitrage is the practice of taking advantage of simultaneous purchase and sale of asset in different market in order to gain profit from difference price in two markets. It is an activity for gain profit without risk as a result of purchase assets at low price in a market and sold the assets with higher values in other markets. People will differential the market price and try to buying at cheap currency in the market and sold at higher currency in other market. In exchange rate arbitrage, advantage is taken of differentials in the price of a currency in different markets. Exchange rate arbitrage transactions may be classified in terms of the number of markets involved. Thus, we may have two-point and three-point arbitrage.

Two-point arbitrage concerns two currencies in two geographically separated markets. For example, let the spot exchange rate be £1 = $2 in New York and £1 = $2.01 in London.  Foreign-exchange traders would find it profitable to purchase pounds in New York at $2 per pound and immediately resell them in London for $2.01.  A profit of 1 cent would be made on each pound sold, less the cost of the bank transfer and interest charge on the money tied up during the arbitrage process. This return may appear to be insignificant, but on a $1 million arbitrage transaction it would generate a profit of approximately $5000. As the demand for pounds increase in New York, the dollar price per pound will rise above $2. As the supply of pounds increase in London, the dollar price per pound will fall below $2.01. This arbitrage process will continue until the exchange rate between the dollar and the pound in New York is approximately the same as in London. 
Three-point arbitrage also referred to as triangle arbitrage is the process of converting one currency to the second currency and convert second currency to third currency in foreign exchange market in order to profit from exchange rate. Profitable triangular arbitrage is very rarely possible because when such opportunities arise, traders execute trades that take advantage of the imperfections and prices adjust up or down until the opportunity disappears. The market for three currencies will be in equilibrium only when arbitrage profits do not exist, which occurs when the direct quote and the cross rate for each possible pair of the three currencies are equal.

Terjemahan Bahasa Melayu

Dalam bidang ekonomi dan kewangan, arbitraj adalah amalan mengambil kesempatan daripada pembelian serentak dan penjualan aset dalam pasaran yang berbeza untuk mendapatkan keuntungan daripada perbezaan harga di dua pasaran. Ia adalah aktiviti untuk mengaut keuntungan tanpa risiko , hasil daripada pembelian aset dengan harga yang rendah dalam pasaran dan menjual aset dengan nilai yang lebih tinggi dalam pasaran lain. Seseorang pengarbitraj akan mengesan perbezaan sesuatu pasaran dengan membeli suatu matawang di pasaran yang murah dan menjualkan di pasaran yang mahal. Dalam kadar pertukaran arbitraj, keuntungan adalah diambil daripada perbezaan dalam harga mata wang dalam pasaran yang berlainan. Transaksi kadar matawang arbitraj boleh diklasifikasikan dari segi bilangan pasaran yang terlibat. Oleh itu, kita mungkin mempunyai arbitraj dua mata dan arbitraj tiga mata.
Arbitraj dua mata melibatkan dua jenis kadar matawang dalam dua pasaran geografi yang berasingan. Sebagai contoh, kadar pertukaran adalah £1 = $2 di New York dan £ 1 = $ 2,01 di London. Peniaga pertukaran asing akan membeli pound di New York pada $ 2 per pound dan menjual dengan segera di London pada $2.01. Sebanyak 1 peratus akan diuntung pada setiap pound dijual, ditolakkan dengan kos pemindahan bank dan caj faedah ke atas wang semasa proses arbitraj. Pada transaksi $1 juta dalam arbitraj akan menjana keuntungan kira-kira $ 5000. Apabila peningkatan permintaan untuk pound dalam New York, harga dolar per pound akan menaikkan ke tahap $ 2. Apabila penawaran pound meningkat dalam London, harga dolar per pound akan jatuh ke tahap $2.01. Proses arbitraj akan berterusan sehingga kadar pertukaran antara dolar dan pound di New York adalah lebih kurang sama seperti di London.

Arbitraj tiga matajuga dikenali sebagai segi tiga arbitraj iaitu Proses menukar satu matawang kepada matawang  kedua, menukar matawang kedua kepada matawang ketiga dan, akhirnya menukar kembali kepada mata wang asal dalam jangka masa yang singkat untuk mendapat keuntungan daripada kadar matawang. Keuntungan arbitraj segi tiga adalah sangat jarang mungkin disebabkan apabila peluang itu menimbul, peniaga akan melaksanakan dagangan yang mengambil kesempatan daripada ketidaksempurnaan yang menyebabkan penyesuaian meningkat dan menurun sehingga peluang arbitraj dihapuskan. Pasaran untuk tiga jenis kadar mata wang akan berada dalam keadaan keseimbangan hanya apabila keuntungan arbitraj tidak wujud iaitu setiap pasangan kadar matawang  adalah sama.

98 comments:

  1. Thank you for the information and well done !

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  2. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  3. Thank you for the information and well done !

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  4. Thank you for the information and well done !

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  5. Thank you for the concise information. :)

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  6. nice !!!! useful information !!!
    i hope can know more details about Arbitrage dan Arbitraj in aspect of economics after reading the article !!

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  7. Well done..Thank you for the info..

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  8. Well done..Thank you for the info..

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  9. Thank you for sharing the information

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  10. good job! the information is useful!

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  11. Thanks for the information provided and well done

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  12. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  13. Good job!
    Look forward to know more detail information.

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  14. Is a very good explanation and helpful article...

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  15. Is a very good explanation and helpful article...

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  16. good explanation associated with related example.

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  17. Bagus suara presenter, content bagus, penjelasan yang senang difahami . Teruskan usaha anda

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  18. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  19. Wow, it provide me a fresh and new knowledge!

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  20. Great info. Thanks for sharing

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  21. Wow. It is a helpful article!

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  22. Thank you for your explanation.
    Economics is not only knowledge to be studied, but also an application to be used.

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  23. Thanks for your article.
    It provide me additional understanding about arbitrage.

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  24. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  25. Wow,is great and thanks for the information ^^
    Quite clear about it because it is easy to understand
    Good job

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  26. good explaination

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  27. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/arbitrage.asp
    Just a sharing~~

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  28. Good article with clear explanation.

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  29. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  30. Interesting article~well done!!!

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  31. Interesting article~well done!!!

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Tarif

https://drive.google.com/open?id=12vbCvdpQwnU15HuzvbQ1eYD9-flqbU1F