by Choong Li Fatt and Hoe Li Ting
The Asian financial crisis began in Thailand and
spread to almost all ASEAN countries including Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan and
the South Korea in mid-1997. During the crisis peak, all crisis-hit countries
experience currency devaluation, crash of stock markets and the depreciation of
assets. After the attack on the Thai currency on July 8, 1997, Malaysia was
under attack by currency speculators that led to comprehensive sales in the
stock market and exchange market. KLSE index plummeted from 1,200 points to
below 600 points, the ringgit declined by 50% from RM 2.50 to RM 4.10 per
dollar.
The
factor that caused financial crisis was speculative attacks. The Malaysian
economy was vulnerable due to the unsustainable pace of economic growth and
over-valued exchange rates. The relationship between firms, government and
banks in Malaysia in the financial crisis period cannot be described as good
compared to other Asian countries. There was no clear policy on directed
lending to big firms, and to that extent one cannot say that the financial
constraints on big firms were weak. The government came out with a high growth
policy based on a high ratio of investments to gross domestic product
complemented with the promotion and support of certain mega projects, which led
to implicit assumptions by lenders that the government would not let those
projects fail, which was helped by lending decisions by bankers based on not
only a project’s cash flow but also on collateral and implied government
support. The over-investment was fuelled by an aggregated demand to outstrip
aggregated supply, with a consequently persistent external deficit. Moreover,
it had also led to a poorer cash flow and more problems of loans.
The Malaysian government established the National
Economic Action Council (NEAC) on 7 January 1998 as a consultative body to the
Cabinet to deal with the economic problems inflicted by the crisis. The purpose
of the NEAC is to formulate an integrated strategy to overcome the crisis and
restore the Malaysian economy back onto its growth path. In late July 1998 the
NEAC launched the National Economic Recovery Plan (NERP) which recommends
wide-ranging proposals for economic stabilization, recovery and structural
reform. The action taken by Malaysian government to overcome the financial
crisis was stabilising the exchange rate. The ringgit was fixed at 3.80 to the
US dollar, thus ending the previous flexible exchange rate system. This put an end
to currency fluctuations and speculation. It allowed the macroeconomic policies
to be implemented, and prevented a possible debt servicing crisis, which could
have occurred if the ringgit had depreciated to below a certain level.
Krisis kewangan Asia bermula dari Thailand dan merebak
ke hampir semua negara ASEAN termasuk Malaysia, Indonesia, Jepun dan Republik
Korea pada pertengahan tahun 1997. Semasa krisis memuncak, semua negara yang
dilanda krisis mengalami kejatuhan nilai matawang dan nilai pasaran saham serta
kejatuhan nilai aset. Selepas serangan matawang di Thailand pada 8 Julai 1997,
Malaysia pula diserang oleh penyangak matawang yang membawa kepada jualan
menyeluruh di pasaran saham dan pasaran tukaran wang. Indeks KLSE menjunam dari
1,200 mata kepada paras di bawah 600 mata, nilai ringgit merosot sebanyak 50%
daripada RM2.50 kepada RM4.10 bagi setiap dollar.
Faktor
yang menyebabkan krisis kewangan ialah serangan spekulatif. Ekonomi Malaysia terdedah
disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tidak mampan dan kadar pertukaran
terlebih nilai. Hubungan antara firma, kerajaan dan bank-bank di Malaysia dalam
tempoh krisis kewangan tidak baik berbanding dengan negara-negara Asia yang
lain. Seterusnya, tidak mempunyai dasar yang jelas pada pinjaman ditujukan
kepada firma-firma besar, dan kepada tahap itu kita tidak boleh mengatakan
bahawa kekangan kewangan di firma-firma besar lemah. Kerajaan mengeluarkan dasar
pertumbuhan tinggi berdasarkan nisbah yang tinggi pelaburan kepada keluaran
dalam negara kasar dilengkapi dengan mempromosi dan menyokong projek-projek
mega tertentu, yang membawa kepada andaian tersirat oleh pemberi pinjaman
bahawa kerajaan tidak akan membiarkan projek-projek gagal. Pelaburan yang
melebihi didorong oleh permintaan agregat untuk melebihi penawaran agregat
berlakunya defisit berterusan. Selain itu, ia juga membawa kesan buruk kepada
aliran tunai dan pinjaman.
Kerajaan Malaysia menubuhkan Majlis Tindakan Ekonomi
Negara (MTEN) pada 7 Januari 1998 sebagai badan perundingan kepada Jemaah
Menteri untuk menangani masalah ekonomi yang dikenakan oleh krisis. Tujuan NEAC
adalah untuk merangka satu strategi bersepadu untuk mengatasi krisis dan
memulihkan ekonomi Malaysia kembali ke jalan pertumbuhannya. Pada akhir bulan
Julai 1998, NEAC melancarkan Pelan Pemulihan Ekonomi Negara (PPEN) yang
mencadangkan luas cadangan untuk penstabilan ekonomi, pemulihan dan pembaharuan
struktur. Tindakan yang diambil oleh kerajaan Malaysia untuk mengatasi krisis
kewangan adalah menstabilkan kadar pertukaran. Ringgit telah ditetapkan pada
3.80 berbanding dolar AS, sekali gus menamatkan sistem kadar pertukaran fleksibel
sebelumnya. Ini menamatkan turun naik mata wang dan spekulasi. Ia membolehkan
dasar-dasar ekonomi makro yang akan dilaksanakan, dan menghalang kemungkinan
krisis khidmat hutang, yang boleh berlaku jika ringgit telah susut kepada bawah
paras tertentu.
Selain itu, kerajaan telah menggunakan
dasar fiskal berkembang untuk memulihkan ekonomi. Pada bulan Julai 1998, ia
melancarkan pakej rangsangan fiskal sebanyak RM2 bilion yang ternyata bajet
daripada lebihan sebanyak 2.5 peratus daripada KDNK pada tahun 1997 kepada
defisit sebanyak 1.8 peratus pada tahun 1998 dan 3.2 peratus pada tahun 1999.
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ReplyDeleteWill it really put an end to the currency fluctuations? Mentioned above, "The ringgit was fixed at 3.80 to the US dollar". But, recently it dropped below 4.00MYR to 1.00US dollar.
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ReplyDeleteDid the ringgit speculation really put to an end? It was initially MYR 3.00-3.10 against the US dollar in between 2008 to 2012. But it grew to MYR 4.40 against the US dollar in the second quarter of 2015 which it was the highest. So did it really put an end to the speculation? Was it the cause of pegging in the early 2015? But overall is good.
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