Oleh
Woon Kee, Shiau Hui, Kar Fei, Chia Yee, Zurul
Malaysia telah melaksanakan pelbagai halangan perdagangan dan sekatan dalam perdagangan antarabangsa untuk melindungi industri domestik selama bertahun-tahun ini. Di Malaysia, terdapat dua kategori halangan perdagangan dan sekatan iaitu halangan tarif dan halangan bukan tarif. Tarif adalah sejenis cukai atau duti yang dikenakan oleh kerajaan terhadap barangan bagi suatu negara apabila ia merentasi suatu sempadan negara. Pertama, halangan tarif terdiri daripada tiga jenis termasuk tarif spesifik, tarif ad valorem atau tarif kompaun. Tarif spesifik dikenakan sebagai caj tetap bagi setiap unit barang import. Malaysia mengenakan duti specifik dengan kadar tarif yang agak tinggi bagi produk tertentu, terutamanya barang pertanian. Tarif ad valorem pula akan dikirakan dengan peratusan pada nilai barang import. Majoriti tarif Malaysia terdiri daripada tarif ad valorem seperti Malaysia mengenakan 6.5% ke atas barangan kilang dan barangan tidak sihat yang diimport. Halangan tarif terakhir ialah tarif kompaun yang mengenakan kedua-dua tarif specifik dan tariff ad valorem pada produk yang sama. Pelaksanaan tarif akan memberi kesan kebajikan kepada Malaysia yang merupakan sebuah negara kecil. Secara umum, lebihan pengguna di negara kecil selepas dikenakan tarif akan dikurangkan tetapi ia akan memberi manfaat kepada kerajaan dan pengeluar domestic dengan meningkatkan pendapatan mereka.
Seterusnya, halangan bukan tarif diklasifikasikan kepada tiga kumpulan iaitu polisi perlindungan, dasar bantuan dan polisi bukan perlindungan. Kuota import adalah salah satu dasar proteksionis. Kuota ini meletakkan batasan kuantiti barang-barang yang diimport dalam suatu tempoh tertentu. Sebagai contoh, pada tahun 2008, Malaysia mengenakan kuota import beras sebanyak 700,000 tan setahun dan eksport Malaysia juga terjejas daripada kuota import minyak sawit oleh Iran pada tahun 2014. Polisi perlindungan lain ialah anti lambakan yang bermaksud suatu sekatan terhadap diskriminasi harga antarabangsa. Pada tahun 2018, Malaysia telah mengenakan duti anti lambakan ke atas barangan import dari China China, Taiwan, Korea Selatan dan Thailand. Selanjutnya, dasar bantuan merangkumi lesen dan subsidi. Terdapat tiga jenis lesen iaitu Lesen Umum Terbuka, lesen import dan lesen eksport. Semua lesen ini bertujuan untuk memastikan setiap pengimport dan pengeksport menjalankan aktiviti perdagangan antarabangsa yang mematuhi undang-undang tertentu. Lesen import merupakan sebuah permit yang membenarkan pengimport untuk membawa masuk kuantiti barang yang tertentu dalam satu tempoh masa, biasanya setahun manakala lesen eksport ialah dokumen kawalan eksport yang dikenakan oleh agensi kerajaan dalam usaha memantau eksport barangan tertentu. Subsidi adalah insentif kerajaan yang diberikan kepada pengeluar rakyat tempatan dalam bentuk bantuan kewangan atau barangan seperti subsidi bahan api dan subsidi elektrik di Malaysia.
Antara kebaikan halangan perdagangan dan sekatan di Malaysia ialah meningkatkan pendapatan negara, meningkatkan peluang pekerjaan, melindungi industri muda dan memperbaiki imbangan pembayaran. Contohnya, kerajaan akan mengurangkan import dengan tariff dan meningkatkan eksport dengan subsidi bagi memperbaiki imbangan pembayaran. Walau bagaimanapun, halangan perdagangan juga mencetuskan beberapa keburukan seperti ketidakadilan pengagihan pendapatan dan mewujudkan monopoli.
Malaysia has implemented many trade barriers and restrictions to protect the domestic industries while carrying out the trade with foreign countries over the years. In Malaysia, there are two categories of trade barriers and restrictions which are tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers. A tariff is a tax or duty on a good that imposed by the government of a country when it crosses the national boundaries. First, tariff barriers consists of three types of duties included specific tariff, ad valorem tariff and compound tariff. The specific tariff is levied as a fixed charge per unit of imports. Malaysia charges specific duties with extremely high effective tariff rate for certain products, especially on agriculture goods. While the ad valorem tariff where calculated as a percentage on the value of the imported goods is take up a large part in Malaysia’s tariff such as a 6.5% on some manufactured goods and unhealthy goods in 2010. The last tariff barriers is compound tariff which means that imposes both specific and ad valorem tariff on a same product. Implementation tariff will give some welfare effects on Malaysia which is a small nation. Generally, consumer surplus in small nation with tariff will fall but it is beneficial for the government and domestic producers by increasing their revenue.
Secondly, non tariff barriers are classified into three groups which are protectionist policies, assistance policies and non-protectionist policies. Import quota is accounted as one of protectionist policies. It places a limit on the quantity of the imported goods in a given period of time. For example, Malaysia imposed rice import quota of 700,000 tons per year in 2008 and Malaysia’s export also affected by Iran’s import quota on palm oil in 2014. Another protectionist policy is anti dumping which means a restriction on international price discrimination. In 2018, Malaysia has imposed anti dumping duties on imported goods from China, Taiwan, South Korea and Thailand. While assistance policies are including licenses and subsidies. There are three types of licenses which are Open General Licences (OGLs), import licenses and export licenses. All these licenses are to ensure every importer and exporter engaged in a trading activity within the territorial limit. Import license is a permit that allows an importer to bring in a specified quantity of certain goods during a specific period, usually a year whereas export license is an export control document issued by a government agency to monitor the export of certain items. While subsidies are the government incentives given to domestic producers and residents in the form of financial aid or kind transfer such as fuel subsidies and electricity subsidies in Malaysia.
The trade barriers and restrictions in Malaysia provides many advantages such as increase the income of the country, raise job opportunities, protect the young industry and improve the balance of payment. For example, to improve the negative balance of payments, the government should reduce imports through import restrictions and increase exports through export incentives. However, it may also lead some disadvantages such as the distribution of unfair income and create a monopoly.
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