Oleh
Nur Faquhah, Mei Teng, Norsuraya, Erna, Yee Laine
Imbangan perdagangan adalah jumlah bersih eksport dan import barangan negara tanpa mengambil kira semua pemindahan kewangan, pelaburan dan komponen kewangan lain. Malaysia sebagai sebuah negara yang ekonomi terbuka telah bergantung kepada perdagangan asing untuk mencapai matlamat pembangunan ekonominya.
Malaysia telah menjadi hab perdagangan sejak berabad-abad kerana ia berhubung dengan organisasi perdagangan seperti APEC, ASEAN dan WTO. Berdasarkan data dari Perbadanan Pembangunan Perdagangan Luar Malaysia (MATRADE), negara utama yang mengeksport pada tahun 2018 adalah Singapura dan China di mana negara tersebut telah menyumbang sebanyak 13.7% daripada jumlah eksport masing-masing manakala negara utama yang import adalah China iaitu 20.1% daripada jumlah import. Produk yang paling banyak eksport dan import di Malaysia adalah produk elektrik dan elektronik.
Di samping itu, terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi imbangan perdagangan adalah dasar imbangan perdagangan, endowmen faktor dan produktiviti, kadar pertukaran, rizab mata wang asing, inflasi dan permintaan.
Bukan itu sahaja, imbangan perdagangan boleh menjadi lebihan (eksport melebihi import) atau defisit (import melebihi eksport). Lebihan dagangan menyebabkan negara meningkat dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi dan nilai mata wang. Walau bagaimanapun, imbangan perdagangan tidak semestinya memberi manfaat kepada negara. Sebagai contoh, Jepun berhadapan dengan lebihan perdagangan dan kemelesetan ekonomi pada masa yang sama sejak tahun 1990. Bagi defisit perdagangan, ia dapat meningkatkan taraf hidup negara kerana penduduk dapat memperoleh akses percuma kepada pelbagai barang dan perkhidmatan yang dapat memilih dengan harga yang lebih kompetitif melalui perdagangan. Walau bagaimanapun, defisit perdagangan juga menyebabkan kesan negatif seperti kadar faedah yang tinggi dan penyumberan luar pekerjaan.
The trade balance (also known as the balance of trade) is the net sum of a country’s exports and imports of goods without taking into account all financial transfers, investments and other financial components. Malaysia, as an open economy, has been dependent on foreign trade to achieve its economic development goals.
Malaysia has been a trade hub for centuries as it is associated with trade organizations such as APEC, ASEAN, and WTO. Based on the data from Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE), the top countries that Malaysia export in the year 2018 are Singapore and China as each country contributed 13.7% out of total export whereas the top country that Malaysia import is China which is 20.1% out of total imports. The products that Malaysia mostly export and import is electrical and electronic products
Besides that, there are some factors that affecting trade balance which are trade policy, factor endowments, and productivity, exchange rate, foreign currency reserves, inflation, and demand.
In addition, the balance of trade can be surplus (exports exceed imports) or deficit (imports exceed exports). Trade surplus cause a country improved in economic growth and currency appreciate. However, the trade balance is not the necessary gain benefit to a country. For example, Japan is faced trade surplus and economic recession at the same time since the year 1990. For trade deficit, it can raise a country’s standard of living as the residents may gain free access to a variety of goods and services that they can pick out for a more competitive price through the trade. However, trade deficit also causes negative impact such as high-interest rate and job outsourcing.
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