Oleh
Siti Hartina, Navakarasi, Elwin, Nor Emmra, Fatimah
Tarif merupakan cukai yang dikenakan ke atas barang yang telah melepasi sempadan negara. Tarif terbahagi kepada empat iaitu tarif import, tarif eksport, tarif perlindungan dan tarif hasil. Sekatan tarif akan memberi kesan dari segi menaikkan harga import barangan, mengurangan permintaan tempatan terhadap barangan import, menambahkan permintaan tempatan terhadap barangan pengganti import, memperbaiki imbangan perdagangan dan imbangan pembayaran negara serta meningkatkan pendapatan negara.
Tarif dikenakan dalam dua bentuk iaitu tariff ad-valorem dan tariff spesifik. Tarif spesifik yang dikenali sebagai tarif khusus ialah jumlah wang yang tetap bagi setiap unit fizikal atau mengikut berat atau pengukuran komoditi yang diimport atau dieksport. Tarif ad-valorem iaitu 'ad valorem' adalah berasal dari perkataan latin yang bermaksud 'pada nilai'. Kadar tarif valorem pada import produk akhir dipanggil sebagai kadar nominal tarif. Kadar nominal tarif digunakan untuk dianggap sebagai ukuran tahap perlindungan. Penulis-penulis seperti B. Balassa, W. Corden dan H.G. Johnson menyarankan bahawa kadar nominal tarif bukanlah ukuran yang sesuai dari tahap perlindungan kerana ia mempunyai kecacatan yang serius yang hanya menganggap kesan tarif pada produk akhir yang diimport.
Di samping itu, pengenalan tarif memberi kesan kepada kebajikan pengguna, pengeluar dan negara. Kesan kebajikan ini berbeza mengikut tahap negara. Menurut Suranovic, S. M. (2010), tahap negara boleh dibahagikan kepada dua iaitu negara membangun dan negara sedang membangun. Dari segi negara membangun, pengenalan tarif boleh menyebabkan kebajikan negara meningkat. Tarif yang optimum akan memaksimumkan kebajikan negara. Dari segi negara sedang membangun, pengenalan tarif akan menyebabkan kebajikan negara menurun. Tarif menyebabkan pengagihan semula pendapatan, pengeluar dan perbelanjaan kerajaan meningkat sementara pengguna kehilangan kebajikannya. Tarif tidak mempunyai kesan yang besar terhadap harga, maka tiada perubahan kebajikan bagi pengeluar atau pengguna.
Menurut Carbaugh, R. J. (2017), terdapat beberapa hujah berkaitan dengan sekatan perdagangan. Antaranya ialah perdagangan bebas, perlindungan pekerjaan, perlindungan terhadap pengenalan buruh asing yang murah, keadilan dalam perdagangan, penyelenggaraan taraf hidup dalam negeri, penyamaan kos pengeluaran, pengenalan industri baru, hujahan bukan ekonomi dan mewajarkan tarif.
Synopsis in English
Rates are taxes imposed on goods that have crossed the borders of the country. Rates are divided into four terms import tariffs, export tariffs, protection rates, and tariffs. Tariff restrictions will have an impact in terms of raising the price of imported goods, reducing local demand for imported goods, increasing local demand on imported substitutes, improving trade balance and balance of payments and raising national income.
Rates are charged in two forms which are “ad valorem” and specific tariffs. Specific tariffs known as special rates are fixed sums for each physical unit or measurement of imported or exported commodities. Ad valorem tariff is derived from the Latin word meaning 'at value'. The valorem tariff rates on final product imports are called nominal rates. The rate nominal rate is used to be considered a measure of the degree of protection. Authors such as B. Balassa, W.Corden, and H.G. Johnson suggests that the nominal rate of the tariff is not an appropriate measure of protection level as it has a serious disability which only considers the effects of tariffs on imported final products.
In addition, tariff identification affects the welfare of consumers, producers, and countries. The effect of this welfare varies according to country level. According to Suranovic, S. M. (2010), the level of the country can be divided into two which is developed countries and developing countries. In terms of developed countries, the introduction of tariffs can lead to increased welfare of the nation. The optimal tariff will maximize the state's welfare. In terms of developing countries, the introduction of tariffs will lead to the welfare of the country declining. Tariffs cause re-distribution of government income, producers and expenses while consumers lose their welfare. Rates do not have a huge impact on prices, so there is no welfare change for manufacturers or consumers.
According to Carbaugh, R. J. (2017), there are several arguments relating to trade restrictions. Among them are free to trade, job protection, protection against the introduction of cheap foreign labor, trade fair, maintaining domestic living standards, equalization of production costs, the introduction of new industries, non-economic arguments and justifying tariffs.
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