oleh Irni Irdahayu dan Hafirda Akma
Imbangan pembayaran sesebuah negara adalah rekod semua transaksi ekonomi antara penduduk sesebuah negara dan seluruh dunia dalam jang masa tertentu, biasanya setahun. Urusniaga ini dibuat oleh individu, firma-firma dan badan-badan kerajaan. Ianya merupakan alat untuk mengukur keadaan perdagangan luar negara. Oleh itu, semua transaksi di dalam imbangan pembayaran termasuk semua yang boleh dilihat dan yang tidak dilihat oleh sesebuah negara dalam tempoh tertentu.
Baki akaun pembayaran adalah rekod perakaunan dari keseluruhan transaksi kewangan antara negara dan seluruh dunia. Urus niaga ini termasuk bayaran untuk eksport dan import bagi barangan, perkhidmatan, modal kewangan, dan pemindahan kewangan. Selain itu, imbangan pembayaran juga meringkaskan urus niaga antarabangsa bagi sesuatu tempoh seperti setahun dan disediakan dalam bentuk mata wang tunggal. Sumber dana untuk sesebuah negara seperti eksport atau resit pinjaman dan pelaburan, direkodkan sebagai lebihan atau perkara positif. Namun penggunaan dana seperti iport atau pelaburan ke negara-negara asing direkodkan sebagai deficit atau perkara negatif.
Imbangan pembayaran adalah hasil campur imbangan akaun semasa, imbangan akaun kewangan, kesilapan dan ketinggalan. Imbangan pembayaran yang berada dalam bentuk lebihan akan menguntungkan negara dengan menambahkan rizab tukaran asing negara. Namun, kurangan atau deficit dalam imbangan pembayaran merugikan negara kerana mengurangkan rizab tukaran asing negara. Selein itu ia turut menjejaskan kestabilan nilai mata wang dan mengurangan kegiatan ekonomi negara. Oleh itu, kerajaan terpaksa bercampur tangan dalam ekonomi seperti melalui kawalan langsung.
Satu analisis mudah pembandingan imbangan pembayaran di Malaysia dilakukan diantara tahun 1995 hingga 1998, tahun 1999 hingga 2000, tahun 2005 hingga 2009 dan 2010 hingga 2015. Imbangan pembayaran keseluruhan pada tahun 1995 dan 1997 menunjukan defisit iaitu RM -4,403 juta dan RM -10,892 juta masing-masing. Pada tahun 1996 dan tahun 1998 pula menunjukkan lebihan dalam imbangan pembayaran dimana RM 6,245 juta bagi 1996 dan RM 40,301 juta bagi 1998. Trend dari tahun 1995 hingga 1998 menunjukkan turun naik dalam imbangan pembayaran dari defisit ke lebihan dan kepada defisit semula namun tahun berikutnya kembali berlaku lebihan.
Pada tahun 1999 hingga 2004 pula secara keseluruhan menunjukkan lebihan namun pada tahun 2000 menunjukkan defisit didalam imbangan keseluruhan iaitu RM -8,176 juta. Pada tahun 2004 menunjukkan lebihan dalam imbangan keseluruhan yang tertinggi bagi tahun 1999 hingga 2004 iaitu RM 83,728 juta. Pada tahun 1999 imbangan keseluruhan ialah RM 17,819 juta, pada tahun 2001 ialah RM 4,518 juta, pada tahun 2002 ialah 14,595 juta, dan pada tahun 2003 ialah RM 39, 781 juta.
LAMPIRAN
1.0 IMBANGAN PEMBAYARAN DARI TAHUN 1995-1998
RM ( Juta / Million )
| ||||
Item
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1. Barangan f.o.b. (Bersih)
|
97
|
10,088
|
10,274
|
69,216
|
Goods f.o.b. (Net)
| ||||
a. Eksport
|
179,491
|
193,363
|
217,713
|
281,669
|
Exports
| ||||
b. Import
|
179,394
|
183,275
|
207,439
|
212,453
|
Imports
| ||||
2. Perkhidmatan (Bersih)
|
-19,229
|
-18,371
|
-22,795
|
-22,239
|
Services (Net)
| ||||
a. Tambang dan Insurans
|
-9,028
|
-8,203
|
-9,080
|
-8,448
|
Freight and Insurance
| ||||
b. Pengangkutan Lain
|
737
|
1,725
|
1,670
|
1,720
|
Other Transportation
| ||||
c. Perjalanan dan Pelajaran
|
4,143
|
4,801
|
3,237
|
2,338
|
Travel and Education
| ||||
d. Pendapatan Pelaburan
|
-10,338
|
-11,629
|
-14,639
|
-14,817
|
Investment Income
| ||||
e. Urus Niaga Kerajaan t.t.t.l
|
-23
|
-27
|
-137
|
-229
|
Government Transactions n.i.e
| ||||
f. Perkhidmatan Lain
|
-4,720
|
-5,038
|
-3,846
|
-2,803
|
Other Services
| ||||
3. Pindahan (Bersih)
|
-2,515
|
-2,943
|
-4,176
|
-9,583
|
Unrequited Transfers (Net)
| ||||
4. Imbangan Akaun Semasa [ 1+2+3 ]
|
-21,647
|
-11,226
|
-16,697
|
37,394
|
Balance on Current Account [ 1+2+3 ]
| ||||
5. Modal (Bersih)
|
16,611
|
13,525
|
19,095
|
10,627
|
Capital (Net)
| ||||
a. Modal Jangka Panjang Persendirian
|
10,464
|
12,777
|
14,450
|
8,490
|
Private Long-term Capital
| ||||
b. Modal Jangka Panjang Rasmi
|
6,147
|
748
|
4,645
|
2,137
|
Official Long-term Capital
| ||||
7. Modal Jangka Pendek Persendirian
|
2,529
|
10,317
|
-12,913
|
-20,633
|
Private Short-term Capital
| ||||
6. Imbangan Asas [ 4+5 ]
|
-5,036
|
2,299
|
2,398
|
48,021
|
Basic Balance [ 4+5 ]
| ||||
8. Kesilapan dan Ketinggalan (Bersih)
|
-1,896
|
-6,371
|
-377
|
12,913
|
Errors and Omissions (Net)
| ||||
9. Imbangan Keseluruhan [Lebihan +/Defisit -]
|
-4,403
|
6,245
|
-10,892
|
40,301
|
Overall Balance [Surplus + / Deficit -]
| ||||
10. Peruntukan Hak Pengeluaran Khas dan Sumber IMF
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Allocation of Special Drawing Rights and IMF Resources
| ||||
11. Perubahan Bersih Dalam Rizab Luar Negeri Bank Negara Malaysia
|
4,403
|
-6,245
|
10,892
|
-40,301
|
Net Change in Bank Negara Malaysia's External Reserves
|
2.0 IMBANGAN PEMBAYARAN DARI TAHUN 1999-2004
RM ( Juta / Million )
| ||||||
Item
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
2002
|
2003
|
2004
|
1. Barangan f.o.b. (Bersih)
|
86,049
|
79,144
|
69,854
|
75,117
|
97,762
|
104,774
|
Goods f.o.b. (Net)
| ||||||
a. Eksport
|
319,568
|
374,033
|
334,326
|
358,504
|
397,969
|
481,903
|
Exports
| ||||||
b. Import
|
233,519
|
294,889
|
264,472
|
286,387
|
300,207
|
377,129
|
Imports
| ||||||
2. Perkhidmatan (Bersih)
|
-10,701
|
-10,670
|
-8,366
|
-5,996
|
-15,300
|
-8,199
|
Services (Net)
| ||||||
a. Pengangkutan
|
-8,464
|
-11,736
|
-11,352
|
-11,572
|
-13,486
|
-17,545
|
Transportation
| ||||||
b. Perjalanan dan Pelajaran
|
6,135
|
11,158
|
16,148
|
17,102
|
11,523
|
19,096
|
Travel and Education
| ||||||
d. Urus Niaga Kerajaan t.t.t.l
|
23
|
-62
|
25
|
-284
|
-327
|
-721
|
Government Transactions n.i.e
| ||||||
c. Perkhidmatan Lain
|
-8,395
|
-10,030
|
-13,187
|
-11,242
|
-13,011
|
-9,029
|
Other Services
| ||||||
3. Pendapatan (Bersih)
|
-20,886
|
-28,909
|
-25,623
|
-25,061
|
-22,537
|
-24,402
|
Income (Net)
| ||||||
a. Pampasan Pekerja
|
-611
|
-975
|
-1,014
|
-1,179
|
-960
|
-995
|
Compensation of employees
| ||||||
b. Pendapatan Pelaburan
|
-20,275
|
-27,934
|
-24,609
|
-23,882
|
-21,577
|
-23,408
|
Investment Income
| ||||||
4. Pindahan Semasa (Bersih)
|
-6,567
|
-7,313
|
-8,178
|
-10,566
|
-9,300
|
-14,871
|
Current Transfers (Net)
| ||||||
5. Imbangan Akaun Semasa [ 1+2+3 +4]
|
47,895
|
32,252
|
27,687
|
30,494
|
50,625
|
57,302
|
Balance on Current Account [ 1+2+3 +4]
| ||||||
6. Akaun Modal (Bersih)
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
Capital Account (Net)
| ||||||
a. Pindahan Modal
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
Capital Transfers
| ||||||
b. Aset Bukan Kewangan Bukan Pengeluaran
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
Non-produced Non-financial Assets
| ||||||
7. Akaun Kewangan
|
-25,152
|
-23,848
|
-14,791
|
-11,941
|
-12,146
|
19,347
|
Financial Account
| ||||||
a. Pelaburan Langsung
|
9,397
|
6,694
|
1,091
|
4,935
|
4,194
|
9,739
|
Direct Investment
| ||||||
b. Pelaburan Portfolio
|
-4,392
|
-9,395
|
-2,466
|
-6,506
|
4,168
|
32,994
|
Portfolio Investment
| ||||||
c. Pelaburan Lain
|
-30,157
|
-21,147
|
-13,416
|
-10,370
|
-20,508
|
-23,386
|
Other Investment
| ||||||
8. Imbangan Akaun Modal & Kewangan [ 6+7 ]
|
-25,152
|
-23,848
|
-14,791
|
-11,941
|
-12,146
|
19,347
|
Balance on Capital and Financial Account [ 6+7 ]
| ||||||
9. Kesilapan dan Ketinggalan (Bersih)
|
-4,924
|
-16,580
|
-8,378
|
-3,958
|
1,302
|
7,079
|
Errors and Omissions (Net)
| ||||||
10. Imbangan Keseluruhan [Lebihan +/Defisit -]
|
17,819
|
-8,176
|
4,518
|
14,595
|
39,781
|
83,728
|
Overall Balance [Surplus + / Deficit -]
| ||||||
11. Aset Rizab
|
-17,819
|
8,176
|
-4,518
|
-14,595
|
-39,781
|
-83,728
|
Reserve Assets
| ||||||
a. Sumber IMF
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
IMF Resource
| ||||||
b. Perubahan Bersih dalam Rizab Luar Negeri Bank Negara Malaysia
|
-17,819
|
8,176
|
-4,518
|
-14,595
|
-39,781
|
-83,728
|
Net change in Bank Negara Malaysia's External Reserves
|
3.0 IMBANGAN PEMBAYARAN DARI TAHUN 2005-2009
RM (Juta/ Million)
| |||||
Item
|
2005
|
2006
|
2007
|
2008
|
2009
|
AKAUN SEMASA
|
78,367
|
96,029
|
102,190
|
131,414
|
110,727
|
CURRENT ACCOUNT
| |||||
1. Barangan f.o.b. (Bersih)
|
130,152
|
139,489
|
130,825
|
170,380
|
140,355
|
Goods f.o.b. (Net)
| |||||
a. Eksport
|
540,681
|
592,215
|
606,512
|
662,455
|
552,920
|
Exports
| |||||
b. Import
|
410,529
|
452,726
|
475,687
|
492,076
|
412,565
|
Imports
| |||||
2. Perkhidmatan (Bersih)
|
-10,872
|
-9,427
|
1,384
|
1,557
|
4,173
|
Services (Net)
| |||||
a. Perkhidmatan penyelenggaraan pembaikan t.t.t.l
|
291
|
400
|
270
|
526
|
345
|
Maintenance and repair services n.i.e
| |||||
b. Pengangkutan
|
-15,422
|
-19,285
|
-12,570
|
-14,812
|
-15,818
|
Transport
| |||||
c. Perjalanan
|
18,684
|
22,633
|
29,052
|
28,510
|
32,168
|
Travel
| |||||
d. Pembinaan
|
-1,362
|
-565
|
-1,149
|
-457
|
-525
|
Construction
| |||||
e. Perkhidmatan insurans dan pencen
|
-928
|
-1,174
|
-1,120
|
-1,173
|
-881
|
Insurance and pension services
| |||||
f. Perkhidmatan kewangan
|
-191
|
-214
|
-397
|
-720
|
-510
|
Financial services
| |||||
g. Caj penggunaan harta intelek t.t.t.l
|
-4,919
|
-3,402
|
-3,940
|
-3,659
|
-3,003
|
Charges for the use intelectual property n.i.e
| |||||
h. Perkhidmatan telekomunikasi, komputer dan maklumat
|
-195
|
-287
|
-157
|
-286
|
77
|
Telecommunications, computer and information
| |||||
i. Perkhidmatan perniagaan lain
|
-5,979
|
-6,119
|
-7,231
|
-4,508
|
-6,468
|
Other business services
| |||||
j. Perkhidmatan persendirian, kebudayaan dan rekreasi
|
-502
|
-974
|
-1,015
|
-1,275
|
-603
|
Personal, cultural and recreational services
| |||||
k. Barangan dan perkhidmatan kerajaan t.t.t.l
|
-350
|
-440
|
-359
|
-590
|
-609
|
Government goods and services n.i.e
| |||||
3. Pendapatan Primer (Bersih)
|
-23,943
|
-17,294
|
-13,985
|
-23,033
|
-14,214
|
Primary Income (Net)
| |||||
a. Pampasan Pekerja
|
-535
|
-306
|
-622
|
-894
|
-1,463
|
Compensation of employees
| |||||
b. Pendapatan Pelaburan
|
-23,408
|
-16,988
|
-13,362
|
-22,139
|
-12,751
|
Investment Income
| |||||
4. Pendapatan Sekunder (Bersih)
|
-16,971
|
-16,739
|
-16,035
|
-17,490
|
-19,587
|
Secondary Income (Net)
| |||||
AKAUN MODAL
|
..
|
-203
|
-109
|
672
|
-51
|
CAPITAL ACCOUNT
| |||||
1. Perolehan/pelupusan aset bukan kewangan bukan pengeluaran
|
..
|
-46
|
-116
|
757
|
-31
|
Acquisitions/disposals of nonproduced nonfinancial asssets
| |||||
2. Pindahan modal
|
..
|
-156
|
7
|
-85
|
-20
|
Capital transfers
| |||||
AKAUN KEWANGAN
|
-36,991
|
-43,182
|
-38,955
|
-119,082
|
-80,173
|
FINANCIAL ACCOUNT
| |||||
1. Pelaburan langsung
|
3,749
|
144
|
-9,348
|
-25,996
|
-22,315
|
Direct investment
| |||||
2. Pelaburan portfolio
|
-13,896
|
12,680
|
18,548
|
-83,193
|
-1,781
|
Portfolio investment
| |||||
3. Derivatif kewangan
|
-220
|
106
|
-164
|
-2,029
|
2,369
|
Financial derivatives
| |||||
4. Pelaburan lain
|
-26,624
|
-56,112
|
-47,991
|
-7,865
|
-58,447
|
Other investment
| |||||
ASET RIZAB
|
-13,550
|
-25,158
|
-45,296
|
18,250
|
-13,831
|
RESERVE ASSETS
| |||||
KESILAPAN DAN KETINGGALAN BERSIH
|
-27,825
|
-27,485
|
-17,831
|
-31,252
|
-16,671
|
NET ERRORS AND OMISSIONS
| |||||
4.0 IMBANGAN PEMBAYARAN DARI TAHUN 2010-2015
RM (Juta/ Million)
| ||||||
Item
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014 f
|
2015 r
|
AKAUN SEMASA
|
82,816
|
99,324
|
50,177
|
35,485
|
48,550
|
34,659
|
CURRENT ACCOUNT
| ||||||
1. Barangan f.o.b. (Bersih)
|
124,182
|
140,529
|
113,030
|
96,552
|
113,327
|
109,550
|
Goods f.o.b. (Net)
| ||||||
a. Eksport
|
602,609
|
658,421
|
644,864
|
637,683
|
678,865
|
685,398
|
Exports
| ||||||
b. Import
|
478,427
|
517,893
|
531,835
|
541,131
|
565,538
|
575,849
|
Imports
| ||||||
2. Perkhidmatan (Bersih)
|
6,556
|
1,457
|
-8,542
|
-9,592
|
-10,706
|
-20,985
|
Services (Net)
| ||||||
a. Perkhidmatan pembuatan bagi input fizikal dimiliki pihak lain
|
8,202
|
7,934
|
7,877
|
7,269
|
7,800
|
8,196
|
Manufacturing services on physical input owned by others
| ||||||
b. Perkhidmatan penyelenggaraan pembaikan t.t.t.l
|
226
|
294
|
93
|
-46
|
218
|
179
|
Maintenance and repair services n.i.e
| ||||||
c. Pengangkutan
|
-17,168
|
-19,445
|
-22,040
|
-23,909
|
-26,050
|
-25,273
|
Transport
| ||||||
d. Perjalanan
|
31,617
|
28,959
|
24,821
|
29,167
|
33,233
|
27,213
|
Travel
| ||||||
e. Pembinaan
|
-470
|
-757
|
-3,777
|
-4,861
|
-5,879
|
-6,563
|
Construction
| ||||||
f. Perkhidmatan insurans dan pencen
|
-5,960
|
-6,394
|
-7,234
|
-7,296
|
-7,536
|
-7,755
|
Insurance and pension services
| ||||||
g. Perkhidmatan kewangan
|
-930
|
-435
|
-614
|
-432
|
-223
|
-356
|
Financial services
| ||||||
h. Caj penggunaan harta intelek t.t.t.l
|
-3,920
|
-4,557
|
-4,350
|
-4,053
|
-4,411
|
-4,504
|
Charges for the use intelectual property n.i.e
| ||||||
i. Perkhidmatan telekomunikasi, komputer dan maklumat
|
474
|
166
|
483
|
-1,064
|
-1,237
|
-2,164
|
Telecommunications, computer and information
| ||||||
j. Perkhidmatan perniagaan lain
|
-4,437
|
-3,207
|
-2,040
|
-2,013
|
-4,019
|
-7,426
|
Other business services
| ||||||
k. Perkhidmatan persendirian, kebudayaan dan rekreasi
|
-576
|
-577
|
-1,346
|
-2,136
|
-2,255
|
-1,932
|
Personal, cultural and recreational services
| ||||||
l. Barangan dan perkhidmatan kerajaan t.t.t.l
|
-502
|
-524
|
-415
|
-218
|
-349
|
-603
|
Government goods and services n.i.e
| ||||||
3. Pendapatan Primer (Bersih)
|
-26,131
|
-21,600
|
-35,841
|
-33,975
|
-36,627
|
-32,010
|
Primary Income (Net)
| ||||||
a. Pampasan Pekerja
|
-2,082
|
-2,331
|
-3,082
|
-4,007
|
-4,903
|
-5,595
|
Compensation of employees
| ||||||
b. Pendapatan Pelaburan
|
-24,049
|
-19,269
|
-32,760
|
-29,969
|
-31,722
|
-26,415
|
Investment Income
| ||||||
4. Pendapatan Sekunder (Bersih)
|
-21,790
|
-21,061
|
-18,469
|
-17,498
|
-17,444
|
-21,896
|
Secondary Income (Net)
| ||||||
AKAUN MODAL
|
-111
|
-133
|
241
|
-15
|
344
|
-1,144
|
CAPITAL ACCOUNT
| ||||||
1. Perolehan/pelupusan aset bukan kewangan bukan pengeluaran
|
-95
|
-119
|
334
|
7
|
300
|
-1,134
|
Acquisitions/disposals of nonproduced nonfinancial asssets
| ||||||
2. Pindahan modal
|
-16
|
-14
|
-93
|
-22
|
44
|
-10
|
Capital transfers
| ||||||
AKAUN KEWANGAN
|
-19,945
|
23,265
|
-23,014
|
-20,216
|
-79,954
|
-50,851
|
FINANCIAL ACCOUNT
| ||||||
1. Pelaburan langsung
|
-13,976
|
-9,337
|
-24,415
|
-6,276
|
-17,974
|
4,773
|
Direct investment
| ||||||
2. Pelaburan portfolio
|
48,467
|
26,139
|
63,859
|
-3,012
|
-39,354
|
-28,190
|
Portfolio investment
| ||||||
3. Derivatif kewangan
|
-698
|
-76
|
972
|
-253
|
-975
|
-663
|
Financial derivatives
| ||||||
4. Pelaburan lain
|
-53,738
|
6,539
|
-63,431
|
-10,675
|
-21,652
|
-26,770
|
Other investment
| ||||||
ASET RIZAB
|
2,628
|
-94,682
|
-3,873
|
-14,649
|
36,507
|
-3,750
|
RESERVE ASSETS
| ||||||
KESILAPAN DAN KETINGGALAN BERSIH
|
-65,387
|
-27,774
|
-23,531
|
-605
|
-5,447
|
21,086
|
NET ERRORS AND OMISSIONS
| ||||||
Nota / Note : f Muktamad / Final
|
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